Reported Speech: Basic Statement Transformation

Reported speech (atau indirect speech) dipakai untuk menceritakan kembali apa yang dikatakan seseorang, tanpa mengutip kata-katanya persis. Berbeda dari direct speech, reported speech tidak memakai tanda kutip, dan biasanya melibatkan pergeseran tense.

Direct: She said, "I am tired." Reported: She said (that) she was tired.

Aturan dasar: pergeseran tense (backshift)

Kalau kata kerja pelapor (said, told) ada di past tense, kata kerja dalam kalimat yang dilaporkan biasanya mundur satu tingkat ke bentuk past.

Direct speech	Reported speech
"I am tired."	She said (that) she was tired.
"I work here."	He said (that) he worked there.
"I am working."	She said (that) she was working.
"I worked yesterday."	He said (that) he had worked the day before.
"I have finished."	She said (that) she had finished.
"I will call you."	He said (that) he would call me.
"I can swim."	She said (that) she could swim.

Perubahan lain: pronomina, kata tunjuk, keterangan waktu

Selain tense, beberapa kata lain juga harus disesuaikan dengan sudut pandang pelapor.

Direct speech	Reported speech
I	she/he (tergantung siapa yang bicara)
my	her/his
this	that
here	there
now	then
today	that day
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
yesterday	the day before / the previous day

• "I'll see you tomorrow," she said. → She said she would see me the next day.
• "I lost my keys here," he said. → He said he had lost his keys there.

Kata kerja pelapor: say vs tell

• say tidak butuh objek langsung: She said (that) she was busy.
• tell butuh objek langsung (orangnya): She told me (that) she was busy. (bukan "She told (that) she was busy")

Kesalahan umum

• ❌ "She said that she is tired." → ✅ "She said that she was tired." (kata kerja pelapor past, jadi backshift)
• ❌ "He told that he was busy." → ✅ "He told me that he was busy." (tell butuh objek)
• ❌ "She said me she was hungry." → ✅ "She told me she was hungry." (say tidak butuh objek langsung — pakai tell)

Reported speech memang punya banyak perubahan sekaligus, tapi kalau kamu ingat tiga hal — pergeseran tense, penyesuaian pronomina, dan penyesuaian keterangan waktu — kamu bisa melaporkan hampir semua kalimat dengan tepat.